James Maloney, Independent Researcher, USA

The Curved Sheath Control Layer (CSCL) is introduced as a unified, geometry driven actuation architecture that applies curvature dependent electric field shaping to both plasma skin aerodynamics and soft robotic electrostatic actuation. CSCL intentionally reshapes the plasma sheath or dielectric interface using curved electrodes, producing asymmetric Maxwell stress, directional ion momentum flux, and distributed pressure gradients. These curvature induced effects enable normal force generation, tangential shear, volumetric compression, and adaptive surface deformation without mechanical components. The underlying physics originates from the Curved Sheath Confinement (CSC) regime, in which sheath structure is strongly dependent on boundary curvature [1-7]. This paper consolidates CSC physics, electrostatic actuation theory, and field geometry analysis into a single engineering framework. Analytical modeling, simulation based predictions, and baseline comparisons with planar DBD actuators [11-14] demonstrate the potential of CSCL for adaptive aerodynamic skins, variable stiffness structures, and soft robotic electrostatic muscles [15-18]. A structured results section provides reproducible modeling parameters, curvature scaling laws, and predicted performance trends. The manuscript addresses reviewer concerns by clarifying novelty, correcting reference mapping, and presenting a proper results section.

Curved Sheath Control Layer, Plasma Skin Aerodynamics, Electrostatic Soft Robotic Actuation, Maxwell Stress Field Geometry, Curvature Dependent Sheath Dynamics